Ectopic pregnancy: An abnormal pregnancy in which the fertilized egg starts growing outside the uterus

Endoscope: A thin instrument, inserted through orifices of the body or through very small incisions, that allows the doctor to see inside the body, diagnose conditions, and perform surgery

Endoscopic surgery:Surgery performed with an endoscope through orifices of the body or through very small incisions

Endometriosis: A condition in which tissue from the inside of the uterus starts growing in other places in the abdominal cavity, causing pain and other symptoms

Fallopian tubes:The ducts that carry eggs from the ovaries to the uterus

Fibroids: Benign or non-cancerous tumors in the uterus that sometimes cause pain, heavy menstrual periods, or other symptoms

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD): A condition in which acid from the stomach flows backward into the esophagus, causing heartburn and other symptoms

Hysterectomy: Surgical removal of the uterus

Infertility: Inability to become pregnant

Inguinal hernia: A condition in which part of the intestine bulges through a weakened segment of the abdominal wall

Laparoscope: A thin fiber optic telescope equipped with a video camera, light, and other devices that allows the surgeon to see into the abdominal cavity through very small incisions.

Laparoscopy: A surgical procedure in which a laparoscope and other instruments are inserted into the abdomen through small incisions to diagnose and treat diseases and conditions.

Minimally invasive surgery: Surgery done through very small incisions with miniature instruments.

Nurse anaesthetist: A specially trained registered nurse who helps to administer anaesthetics.

Otorhinolaryngology: A medical specialty dealing with the ear, nose, and throat.

Ovaries: Organs located on each side of the uterus that produce eggs and sex hormones.

Ovarian cyst: Fluid-filled growths in the ovary.

Paranasal sinuses: Hollow spaces in the bones of the face and skull near the nose that sometimes become infected, causing sinusitis.

Pelvic adhesions: Bands of tough, scar-like tissue that form inside the body and interfere with normal functioning of an organ.

Pelvic pain: Pain in the lower abdominal area below the navel or belly button.

Spinal discs: Tough pads of cartilage that separate and cushion the vertebrae, or bones, in the spinal column.

Spinal fusion: Surgery to join two spinal bones and make the back more stable.

Spleen: An organ that removes old red blood cells and disease-causing microbes from the blood.

Splenectomy: Removal of the spleen.

Stage: The extent to which a disease has advanced.

Therapeutic laparoscopy: Laparoscopy done to treat a disease or condition.

Tubal ligation: Female sterilization operation that seals the fallopian tubes and prevents the egg from being fertilized so the woman cannot become pregnant through sexual intercourse.

Ultrasound scan: A diagnostic test that uses sound waves to detect abnormalities inside the body.

Vasectomy: Male sterilization operation that seals the vas deferens and prevents sperm from being transmitted through ejaculation.